Title: WSET Level 3 / WSET Level 3 C36 - Chile

Front: What is the approximate total geographical range of Chile's vineyards?
Back: 900km from north to southRarely more than 100km east to west
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Name: What is the approximate total geographical range of Chiles

Front: How is Chile's vineyard area geographically defined?
Back: By four broad areas: The Pacific Ocean to the west The coastal mountain ranges just inland The Andes to the east A large depression south of Santiago where the two mountain ranges separate, known as Central Valley
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Name: How is Chiles vineyard area geographically defined?

Front: What fills the gaps in the coastal mountains?
Back: River valleys that drain the water from the Andes

Front: What is the general climate of Chile?
Back: Warm mediterranean

Front: What does the mediterranean climate mean about the Chilean weather and conditions for growing grapes?
Back: Summers are warm and dryFungal disease is kept to a minimum
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Name: What does the mediterranean climate mean about the Chilean w

Front: How is the shortfall in rainwater in Chile generally dealt with?
Back: Irrigation
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Name: How is the shortfall in rainwater in Chile generally dealt w

Front: What is the difficulty with irrigation in Chile, particularly in the north?
Back: Water for irrigation is in increasingly short supply
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Name: What is the difficulty with irrigation?

Front: How are conditions different in the southern part of Chile?
Back: They are cooler and wetter here

Front: What can affect Chile's weather pattern some years?
Back: El Niño and La Niña
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Name: What can affect Chiles weather pattern some years?

Front: What are the comparative impacts of El Niño and La Niña respectively on Chile?
Back: Rainfall levels can dramatically increase during El Niño yearsDrought may occur during La Niña years
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Name: What are the comparative impacts of El Niño and La Niña resp

Front: Where are El Niño and La Niña experienced?
Back: Throughout the Pacific

Front: Describe the major climatic influence which applies to all parts of coastal Chile , and how it affects Chile
Back: The cold Humboldt Current flows up from Antarctica along the Chilean coast and prevailing winds blow cool air inland along the river valleys
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Name: Describe the major climatic influence which applies to all p

Front: What can be a secondary effect of the Humboldt Current in coastal areas of Chile?
Back: It can create fogs
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Name: What can be a secondary effect of the Humboldt Current in co

Front: Where is the cooling effect of prevailing Humboldt winds most evident in Chile?
Back: Where coastal mountains are at their lowest and in parts of the valleys that are closest to the Pacific
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Name: Where is the cooling effect of prevailing Humboldt winds mos

Front: What is another cooling effect felt in Chilean foothills specifically?
Back: Cold air which descends from the mountains overnight can cause a large diurnal range
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Name: What is another cooling effect felt in Chilean foothills spe

Front: Describe weather between the two mountain ranges in Chile
Back: It is much more shielded here and the large expanses of flat land are easier to cultivate

Front: What has been the result of the two major cooling influences in Chile?
Back: New labelling laws introduced in 2012, using the terms;CostaEntre CordillerasAndes
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Name: What has been the result of the two major cooling influences

Front: What alternative winemaking practices are widespread in Chile?
Back: Sustainable and organic grape growing and winemaking are widely practiced by a number of small and large winemaking estates
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Name: What alternative winemaking practices are widespread in Chil

Front: Why are sustainable and organic winemaking practices widely practiced in Chile?
Back: A number of well respected winemakers as well as the authorities have done a lot to promote this
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Name: Why are sustainable and organic winemaking practices widely

Front: What is the most planted grape variety in Chile?
Back: Cabernet Sauvignon

Front: What style is Cabernet made into in Chile?
Back: A variety from simple and fruity to full-bodied premium examples

Front: Describe premium Cabernet wines of Chile
Back: Usually with very ripe black fruit aromas and flavours, often with a herbaceous character

Front: What is the role of blending for Chilean Cabernet?
Back: It is frequently blended with Merlot, Carmenère or Syrah

Front: Describe styles of Merlot in Chile
Back: Inexpensive, medium-bodied and fruity (has been very successful on export markets)Fuller-bodied and complex is also found

Front: What are the most important viticultural characteristics of Carmenère?
Back: Late ripening and most successful in warm, sunny conditions
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Name: What are the most important viticultural characteristics of

Front: Describe Carmenère wines
Back: Full-bodiedHigh levels of tanninOvertly herbaceous when not fully ripeGood examples achieve a balance between black fruit and herbal aromas

Front: What is thought of as Chile's signature variety?
Back: Carmenère
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Name: What is thought of as Chiles signature variety?

Front: What style is Syrah made into in Chile?
Back: It can be made into a wide variety of styles in a wide variety of sites

Front: Describe Syrah from cooler coastal sites or northerly regions such as Elqui Valley
Back: Lighter in body with peppery notes
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Name: Describe Syrah from cooler coastal sites or northerly region

Front: Describe Syrah wines from hotter regions in Chile
Give an example of such a region
Back: Greater intensity of black fruit flavours
Fuller body
Colchagua Valley
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Name: Describe Syrah wines from hotter regions in ChileGive an exa

Front: Which grape variety is showing particular promise in cooler locations such as San Antonio and Casablanca Valleys?
Back: Pinot Noir
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Name: Which grape variety is showing particular promise in cooler

Front: Which two white varieties dominate white plantings Chile?
Back: Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay

Front: Where in Chile does Sauvignon Blanc perform best?
Back: In cooler vineyard sites, such as those of Casablanca and San Antonio Valleys

Front: Describe the wines of Casablanca and San Antonio Valleys
Back: Excellent wines with high acidity and intense fruity flavoursOccasional herbaceous notesSome have additional richness and texture from lees-stirring and oak

Front: How are most Chardonnays made in Chile?
Back: In a modern international style with ripe fruit and oak flavours

Front: Describe the quality and range of styles of Chardonnay which is produced
Back: It is constantly growing
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Name: Describe the quality and range of styles of Chardonnay which

Front: Which region in Chile in particular produces Chardonnays of structure, elegance and restraint?
Back: Limari Valley
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Name: Which region in Chile in particular produces Chardonnays of

Front: Which regions other than Limari, produce fine Chardonnays?
Back: Aconcagua Valley and Casablanca Valley

Front: What is the third most planted white variety of Chile?
Back: Muscat of Alexandria

Front: What is the chief use of the grape, Muscat of Alexandria?
Back: For the production of the grape brandy Pisco

Front: Of which white grapes are there small plantings in Chile?
Back: Aromatic varieties such as Viognier, Riesling and Gewurztraminer making fresh fruity wines from cool regions such as the Bío Bío and Itata Valleys

Front: Where in Chile is Coquimbo?
Back: It borders onto the Atacama DesertThe most northerly of Chile's principal wine regions

Front: How many winemaking subregions are there in Coquimbo? What are they?
Back: Three
Elqui Valley
Limarí Valley
Choapa Valley
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Name: How many winemaking subregions are there in Coquimbo?What ar

Front: Describe vineyard plantings in Coquimbo
Back: Relatively smallQuality tends to be high

Front: How do the three valleys of Coquimbo compare?
Back: They all have slightly different features, but they all benefit from brilliant sunshine and marked cooling influences

Front: What are the main cooling influences of the valleys of Coquimbo?
Back: Sea breezesMountain air
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Name: What are the main cooling influences of the valleys of Coqui

Front: What is the role of altitude in Coquimbo?
Back: Some vineyards are being planted at very high altitudes

Front: What is the biggest viticultural challenge in Coquimbo?
Back: Lack of water

Front: Describe the role of irrigation in Coquimbo
Back: Vital due to lack of water, but expensive because water is less plentiful here compared with some other regions

Front: What is the wine reputation of Elqui Valley in Coquimbo?
Back: For Syrah and Sauvignon Blanc

Front: For what kind of wine is Limari Valley in Coquimbo best known?
Back: Chardonnay
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Name: For what kind of wine is Limari Valley in Coquimbo best know

Front: What is the second smallest region in Chile?
Back: The Aconcagua Region

Front: How many sub-regions constitute Aconcagua? What are they?
Back: ThreeAconcagua ValleyCasablanca ValleySan Antonio Valley

Front: Describe the Aconcagua Valley
Back: It's a steep sided, narrow valley

Front: What is the climate in Aconcagua Valley?
Back: Some of the warmest growing conditions in Chile on the fertile valley floor between the coastal range and the AndesSome cooling influences from the ocean and the Andes

Front: What style of wine is Aconcagua Valley best for?
Back: Red wines

Front: What is the classic grape of Aconcagua Valley?
Back: Cabernet Sauvignon

Front: What is Aconcagua Valley's 'second' grape? Describe its role here
Back: Syrah
It was pioneered in Chile in this valley
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Name: What is Aconcagua Valleys second grape?Describe its role

Front: Which grape has become increasingly important in Aconcagua Valley besides Syrah?
Back: Carmenère
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Name: Which grape has become increasingly important in Aconcagua V

Front: Describe the profile of wines in Aconcagua Valley
Back: Reds traditionally had rich, ripe fruit flavours
High alcohol
High tannins

Front: How have wine styles changed in Aconcagua Valley in recent years?
Back: Producers have been looking to reduce alcohol levels and find more freshness and complex fruit flavours
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Name: How have wine styles changed in Aconcagua Valley in recent y

Front: What has been the result on viticulture of the recent shift in desired wine style in Aconcagua Valley?
Back: Plantings are less focused on the fertile valley floor and have spread either onto the slopes or towards the coast
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Name: What has been the result on viticulture of the recent shift

Front: Name the two neighbouring regions in Aconcagua and their characteristics
Back: Casablanca Valley
San Antonio Valley
Similar characteristics to Aconcagua Valley
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Name: Name the two neighbouring regions in Aconcagua and their cha

Front: Describe the general geography of Casablanca Valley and San Antonio Valley
Where are they in relation to Chile's geographical features?
Back: Very varied soils and aspects
Both lie between the coastal mountains and the Pacific
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Name: Describe the general geography of Casablanca Valley and San

Front: What's the result of the locations of Casablanca Valley and San Antonio Valley on climate? What climatic phenomena are experienced here?
Back: The climate is noticeably cooler in these locations due to morning fogs and and afternoon winds that blow off the ocean
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Name: Whats the result of the locations of Casablanca Valley and

Front: Which variety has the highest reputation in San Antonio Valley? Where specifically is the reputation greatest?
Back: Sauvignon BlancThe particularly cool Leyda Valley zone
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Name: Which variety has the highest reputation in San Antonio Vall

Front: What else is widely planted in San Antonio Valley and to what level of quality?
Back: ChardonnayIt's capable of making fine wines here
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Name: What else is widely planted in San Antonio Valley and to wha

Front: What is the most planted variety of San Antonio Valley?
Back: Pinot Noir

Front: Describe Pinot Noir in the coolest sites of San Antonio Valley
Back: It can produce wine with red berry fruit and herbal notes
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Name: Describe Pinot Noir in the coolest sites of San Antonio Vall

Front: Which red grape is particularly successful in the warmer vineyard sites to the east of Casablanca Valley? Describe its wines
Back: SyrahWell-structured wines with a peppery edge
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Name: Which red grape is particularly successful in the warmer vin

Front: Where is the Central Valley Region?
Back: South from Santiago to the sub-region of Itata Valley

Front: Loosely describe the region of Central Valley
Back: A vast, warm, flat region

Front: What is the significance of Central Valley for Chilean winemaking?
Back: It is where the majority of Chilean Vineyards have always been found
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Name: What is the significance of Central Valley for Chilean winem

Front: Describe grape-ripening in Central Valley, Chile
Back: Grapes ripen easily here

Front: What is a lot of production in Central Valley focused on?
Back: Inexpensive, fruity wines, often made from Merlot and Chardonnay

Front: How many sub-regions is Central Valley divided into? What are they?
Back: Four
Maipo Valley
Rapel Valley
Curicó Valley
Maule Valley
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Name: How many sub-regions is Central Valley divided into? What ar

Front: How is Rapel Valley divided?
Back: Into two sub-regions

Front: What are the two sub-regions of Rapel Valley?
Back: Cachapoal ValleyColchagua Valley

Front: What is the role of Maipo Valley in Chilean winemaking?
Back: It is the heartland of Chilean winemaking, due to its proximity to Santiago

Front: Describe the geographical identity of Maipo Valley and how this affects its climate
Back: It is almost completely surrounded by mountainsVery little coastal influence reaches the grape-growing area to the south of the capital
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Name: Describe the geographical identity of Maipo Valley and how t

Front: Where are the more premium sites of the Maipo Valley?
Back: Many of them are located in the Andean foothills

Front: Describe why the location of Maipo's more premium sites , IS more premium
Back: The Andean foothills are cooled by the descending air, lending elegance and structure to the red wines
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Name: Describe why the location of Maipos more premium sites , IS

Front: Which specific wine is most associated with Maipo Valley?
Back: Cabernet Sauvignon with a particularly minty character
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Name: What is the specific wine reputation of Maipo Valley?

Front: Loosely describe the Rapel sub-region of Central Valley
Back: It is a large and varied area

Front: What is the more northerly zone of the Rapel sub-region?
Back: Cachapoal Valley

Front: Describe the Cachapoal Valley
Back: It's a warm area cut off from the ocean breezes

Front: Which grapes do best in Cachapoal Valley and where?
Back: Carmenère ripens well on the valley floors
Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah perform well in the cooler eastern end of the valley

Front: How does Colchagua Valley compare with Cachapoal Valley?
Back: It is a larger and more varied area
The centre is warm and open to some ocean influence

Front: What is the chief wine-style in Colchagua Valley?
Back: It is known for full-bodied reds

Front: What grapes is Colchagua Valley best known for?
Back: Particularly Cabernet Sauvignon
Also Syrah and Carmenère

Front: How have vineyard plantings been affected by the expansion of Colchagua Valley?
Back: They have spread to the valley slopes
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Name: How have vineyard plantings been affected by the expansion o

Front: Name a new area on the slopes of Colchagua Valley which has gained a premium reputation
Back: Apalta
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Name: Name a new area on the slopes of Colchagua Valley which has

Front: How does climate and wine style change further to the west of Colchagua Valley?
Back: The cooling Pacific influence is greater here and some high quality white wines are produced
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Name: How does climate and wine style change further to the west o

Front: Which sub-regions form the southern end of the Central Valley?
Back: Curicó ValleyMaule Valley
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Name: Which sub-regions form the southern end of the Central Valle

Front: What is the role of Curicó Valley and Maule Valley for Chilean wine? Explain
Back: The most important source of fruit for inexpensive, blended red and white wines
The warmth and fertile soils make this possible
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Name: What is the role of Curicó Valley and Maule Valley for Chile

Front: Which of the southern Central Valley sub-regions is cooler? What is the effect on its wines?
Back: Maule ValleyIts wines retain a higher acidity (useful for blending)
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Name: Which of the southern Central Valley sub-regions is cooler?

Front: What is the new trend in winemaking in Maule Valley?
Back: Increasing efforts are being made to exploit the wealth of dry-farmed, old vines that exist within the western hills here

Front: What has been the resulting star-variety in Maule Valley as a consequence of the new winemaking trends? What style of wine is made from this?
Back: Carignan
Full-bodied, intensely concentrated wines from the low-yielding bush vines
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Name: What has been the resulting star-variety in Maule Valley as

Front: What is the name of the southernmost region of Chile?
Back: Southern Regions

Front: What are the sub-regions of Southern Region?
Back: Itata ValleyBío Bío ValleyMalleco Valley

Front: What is the climate in the Southern Region of Chile/how does it change?
Back: It is noticeably cooler and wetter the further south the sub-regions go in Southern Region
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Name: What is the climate in the Southern Region of Chile/how does

Front: What dominates plantings in Itata Valley and Bío Bío Valley?
Back: País
Muscat of Alexandria

Front: What is the main market for most wines of Itata Valley and Bío Bío Valley?
Back: Local
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Name: What is the main market for most wines of Itata Valley and B

Front: Bío Bío Valley has started to show great promise for...
Back: Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and aromatic varieties

Front: There is an increasing interest in Bío Bío Valley for...owing to...
Back: Fruit from high quality varieties
Their acidity and aromatic qualities
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Name: There is an increasing interest in Bío Bío Valley for...for.

Front: The full potential of which regions in Chile has yet to be explored?
Back: Itata Valley and Bío Bío Valley
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Name: The full potential of which regions in Chile has yet to be e

Front: What is the most southerly sub-region of Southern Region? What is its other feature?
Back: Malleco
It is also the smallest of the Southern Regions
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Name: What is the most southerly sub-region of Southern Region? Wh

Front: What is made in Malleco?
Back: A small quantity of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir (though it is increasingly attracting interest from premium producers)

Front: Describe Chile's GI scheme
Back: It is divided into several Denominaciones de Origen (DOs)
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Name: Describe Chiles GI scheme

Front: How many principal regions of Chile are there? What are they?
Back: Four
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Central Valley
Southern Region
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Name: How many principal regions of Chile are there? What are they

Front: How many sub-regions are there amongst the main wine-regions of Chile?
Back: Thirteen
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Name: How many sub-regions are there amongst the main wine-regions

Front: What is geographically common between the sub-regions of Chile?
Back: They generally follow the valleys running west from the Andes to the Pacific Ocean
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Name: What is geographically common between the sub-regions of Chi

Front: What is Chile's GI system generally based on?
Back: Administrative regions
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Name: What is Chiles GI system generally based on?

Front: What is the result of Chile's wine regions being based on administrative regions?
Back: They are very broad based and cover very large tracts of land
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Name: What is the result of Chiles wine regions being based on ad

Front: When was Chile's most recent regional classification announced? What was the result?
Back: 2012It further divided Chile's wine regions, categorising vineyard sites according to their distance from the coast rather than their latitude
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Name: When was Chiles most recent regional classification announc

Front: What are the three new terms from the 2012 classification in Chilean law? What do they mean?
Back: Costa (coastal areas)Entre Cordilleras (the areas between the mountain ranges)Andes (mountain areas)
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Name: What are the three new terms from the 2012 classification in

Front: What are the regulations regarding Chile's 2012 GI terms?
Back: The terms are optional
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Name: What are the regulations regarding Chiles 2012 GI terms?

Front: How has the 2012 labelling law been adopted in Chile?
Back: It is new and remains to be seen whether the terms will be widespread

Front: Which other terms may be recognised in Chilean labelling law? What do they mean?
Back: Reserva
Reserva Especial
Reserva Privada
Gran Reserva
They have very little meaning, but may be used by winemakers to distinguish their quality levels
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Name: Which other terms may be recognised in Chilean labelling law