Title: WSET Level 3 / WSET Level 3 C30 - Spain

Front: How many broad climatic zones does Spain have?
Back: Three

Front: Describe Spain's northernmost climatic zone
Back: The north and north-west coast of Spain has a moderate maritime climate, dominated by Atlantic weather systemsRainfall and associated risks is high
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Name: Describe Spains northernmost climatic zone

Front: Describe Spain's middle climatic zone
Back: The east coast from Catalunya in the north to Levante further south, has a warm Mediterranean climateMany of the vineyards are moderated by sea or altitudeClimate becomes increasingly hot the further south it goes
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Name: Describe Spains middle climatic zone

Front: Describe the climate of central Spain
Back: The Meseta Central is cut off by mountains from the cooling effects of the sea and has a hot continental climateWinter temperatures below freezing and summers are very hot and drySummer temperatures can be moderated by altitude in certain sites

Front: What are the biggest challenges to grape growing in Spain? What's the exception?
Back: Heat and lack of waterNorth-west Spain
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Name: What are the biggest challenges to grape growing in Spain? W

Front: What is the benefit of the lack of water for grape-growing in Spain?
Back: The incidence of fungal disease is low
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Name: What is the benefit of the lack of water for grape-growing i

Front: What is the main disadvantage of lack of water for grape growing in Spain?
Back: It places a heavy stress on the vine
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Name: What is the main disadvantage of lack of water for grape gro

Front: What is the best way of managing the heat and lack of water availability in Spain? Explain
Back: Low density, bush-trained vineyardsBy maximising the amount of water available to each vine and shading the fruit from excessive heat
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Name: What is the best way of managing the heat and lack of water

Front: What is slowly being introduced to Spanish vineyards? For what purpose?
Back: Wire trainingTo facilitate machine harvesting
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Name: What is slowly being introduced to Spanish vineyards? For wh

Front: Summarise the inexpensive red wines of Spain
Back: Often made without OakSemi-carbonic maceration is used to enhance the fruity nature of these wines

Front: What is the role of oak in Spain's best red wines?
Back: They almost always see oak maturation, usually with at least a proportion of new oak
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Name: What is the role of oak in Spains best red wines?

Front: What is the most used type of oak for Spanish reds?
Back: Traditionally American oak, but now French oak is also common

Front: What is Spain's premier red grape variety?
Back: Tempranillo
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Name: What is Spains premier red grape variety?

Front: Where in Spain is Tempranillo grown most widely?
Back: Throughout northern and central Spain

Front: What are Tempranillo's key grape characteristics?
Back: It's thick-skinned with a medium acidity
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Name: What are Tempranillos key grape characteristics?

Front: What is the key viticultural challenge relating to Tempranillo?
Back: Due to its medium acidity, hot growing areas without a high diurnal range can cause the wine to lack the necessary acidity for an ideal balance
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Name: What is the key viticultural challenge relating to Tempranil

Front: Where is Tempranillo at its best in Spain?
Back: In areas where summer temperatures are moderated by sea and/or altitude

Front: What is often the case with Tempranillo when fermented on its own in Spain?
Back: It's fermented using semi-carbonic maceration
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Name: What is often the case with Tempranillo when fermented on it

Front: What kind of wine can Tempranillo produce when fermented on its own?
Back: An early drinking styleA fresh, strawberry scented Joven wine
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Name: What kind of wine can Tempranillo produce when fermented on

Front: What other broad style does Tempranillo play an important role in in Spain?
Back: More concentrated, age worthy, oaked blends
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Name: What other broad style does Tempranillo play an important ro

Front: With which grapes is Tempranillo most commonly blended in Spain?
Back: GarnachaGracianoCariñena/MazueloInternational varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon
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Name: With which grapes is Tempranillo most commonly blended in Sp

Front: Garnacha Tinta is the Spanish name for...
Back: Grenache

Front: Describe the general profile of Garnacha Tinta
Back: High alcoholEarly ripening (with some exceptions)

Front: For which Spanish wines is Garnacha Tinta most important?
Back: Rosados and Priorat

Front: What are the wines of Priorat? How do they achieve this style?
Back: Intense, complex, full-bodied reds from Garnacha TintaFrom low-yielding, old vines
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Name: What are the wines of Priorat? How do they achieve this styl

Front: What is the better known name for Monastrell?
Back: Mourvedre

Front: What makes Monastrell suitable for Spain's climate?
Back: It's drought tolerant and needs hot sunny conditions to ripen
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Name: What makes Monastrell suitable for Spains climate?

Front: Where is Monastrell most commonly grown in Spain?
Back: In south-eastern DOs such as Yecla and Jumilla

Front: Describe Monastrell wines from south-eastern Spain
Back: Full-bodiedDeeply colouredHigh tanninsHigh alcoholLow to medium acidityFlavours of ripe blackberry fruit

Front: Where in Spain is Graciano mostly cultivated?
Back: Rioja

Front: How is Graciano used in Rioja?
Back: As part of the blend in many of the best wines

Front: What does Graciano add to a blend?
Back: Tannins, acidity and concentrated black fruit aromas

Front: What is the Spanish name for Carignan?
Back: Cariñena

Front: What else is Carignan called in Spain other than Cariñena? Where is it called this?
Back: MazueloRioja
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Name: What else is Carignan called in Spain other than Cariñena? W

Front: What kinds of wine does Cariñena make?
Back: Wines that are high in tannin, colour and acidity

Front: How is Cariñena/Mazuelo used in Spain?
Back: As a blending partner for Tempranillo

Front: Where other than Rioja is Cariñena grown?
Back: Priorat

Front: What is the role of Cariñena in Priorat?
Back: To add tannic structure

Front: Which local black variety is coming to prominence in Spain?
Back: Mencia

Front: To what climate is Mencia best suited?
Back: Moderate climates

Front: Describe wines made from Mencia
Back: Medium to high acidityFresh fruit flavoursSometimes a hint of herbaceousness

Front: How can most of Spain's white varieties be described?
Back: Fresh and fruity
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Name: How can most of Spains white varieties be described?

Front: How are the intended fresh fruit aromas for Spanish whites retained?
Back: Harvesting at night or early morningFermenting in temperature-controlled stainless steel
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Name: How are the intended fresh fruit aromas for Spanish whites r

Front: T or F: Spanish whites are only fermented in steel
Back: False; Oak fermentation and maturation are used as well as lees stirring for the addition of texture and flavours

Front: What is the challenge with grape variety Verdejo?
Back: It is particularly susceptible to oxidation

Front: What was Verdejo used to make?
Back: Sherry-like wines

Front: Describe Verdejo when made protectively
Back: Light-bodiedHigh acidMelon and peach flavour

Front: Which Spanish grape is seen as similar to Sauvignon Blanc?
Back: Verdejo

Front: With which grape is Verdejo often blended?
Back: Sauvignon Blanc

Front: Other than the 'Sauvignon style', what other style can Verdejo be made into? How?
Back: Richer, fuller-bodied styleIt undergoes skin contact and barrel fermentation
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Name: Other than the Sauvignon style, what other style can Verde

Front: Where in Spain is Albariño grown?
Back: North-west of Spain

Front: What is Albariño's best viticultural trait?
Back: It's thick-skinned and thus able to resist fungal disease
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Name: What is Albariños best viticultural trait?

Front: Why is fungal resistance so important for Albariño?
Back: North-western Spain is a damp climate

Front: Describe wines from Albariño
Back: Naturally high in acidityCitrus and stone fruit flavoursCan be made into a richer, fuller-bodied style

Front: What is the most widely planted variety in Spain?
Back: Airén

Front: Where is the vast majority of Airén planted?
Back: La Mancha in central Spain

Front: Name one of the few varieties able to cope with the extreme heat and drought conditions of the Meseta Central
Back: Airén
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Name: Name one of the few varieties able to cope with the extreme

Front: What is Airén mostly used for?
Back: Production of Brandy de Jerez

Front: Which local varieties are planted widely in Catalunya? These are the main varieties used in...
Back: Parellada, Xarel-lo and Macabeo
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Name: Which local varieties are planted widely in Catalunya? These

Front: How else is Macabeo known? Where?
Back: ViuraRioja

Front: Which of Cava's main varieties is also often used for still wine production?
Back: Macabeo/Viura
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Name: Which of Cavas main varieties is also often used for still

Front: Describe the aromas of unoaked Viura
Back: Subtle herb and spice aromas

Front: What is Viura's traditional role?
Back: As the mainstay of heavily oaked white Riojas
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Name: What is Viuras traditional role?

Front: Which international varieties are successful in Spain?
Back: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay

Front: Where are international varieties most successful in Spain?
Back: North-east

Front: How many geographical regions may the principal DO regions be grouped into?
Back: Six
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Name: How many geographical regions may the principal DO regions b

Front: What are the six geographical DO regions of Spain?
Back: The Upper EbroCatalunyaThe Duero ValleyThe North-WestThe LevanteCastilla-La Mancha

Front: What is the most extensive Spanish region designated for the production of Vino de la Tierra
Back: Castilla y León
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Name: What is the most extensive Spanish region designated for the

Front: Where is Castilla y León?
Back: Towards the north of the Meseta Central

Front: What is Rioja's principal city?
Back: Logroño
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Name: What is Riojas principal city?

Front: How many sub-regions comprise Rioja?
Back: Three

Front: What are the three sub-regions of Rioja?
Back: Rioja AlavesaRioja AltaRioja Baja

Front: Where is Rioja Alavesa?
Back: To the west of Logroño on the north bank of the Ebro in the foothills of the Cantabrian Mountains

Front: Describe the wines of Rioja Alavesa
Back: The lightest of Rioja; they often have the most finesse

Front: How is Rioja Alta located?
Back: To the west of Logroño and south of the Ebro river

Front: List the sub-regions of Rioja in descending order
Back: Rioja BajaRioja AltaRioja Alavesa

Front: What is the topography of Rioja Alavesa and Rioja Alta?
Back: Both sub-regions are planted at a range of altitudes from 500 to 800 metres

Front: How are the climates of Rioja moderated?
Back: By altitude and the Atlantic Ocean

Front: What shields Rioja from the worst of the Atlantic weather?
Back: The Cantabrian Mountains

Front: Where is Rioja Baja?
Back: To the east of Logroño, mainly on the south bank of the Ebro

Front: What is the climate in Rioja Baja?
Back: Less maritimeHotter summers and more severe wintersLow annual rainfall

Front: What is an issue for growers in Rioja?
Back: Drought

Front: What is the most widely planted variety in Rioja?
Back: Tempranillo

Front: Where does Tempranillo do best in Rioja?
Back: In the cooler western sub-regions

Front: Describe the general features of Tempranillo in Rioja
Back: Medium tanninsRed fruit flavours

Front: How does the addition of Garnacha benefit a Tempranillo-based blend?
Back: Garnacha adds body and alcohol
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Name: How does the addition of Garnacha benefit a Tempranillo-base

Front: Where in Rioja does Garnacha grow best?
Back: Rioja Baja

Front: What are the less planted/supporting varieties of Rioja?
Back: Mazuelo and Graciano

Front: Describe how an early-drinking style of red Rioja may be made. What kind of result will this have on the wines?
Back: Using semi-carbonic macerationWines with vibrant red-fruit flavoursLow levels of smooth tannins
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Name: Describe how an early-drinking style of red Rioja may be mad

Front: Outline the processes used in making a red Rioja designed for ageing
Back: Usually destemmed and crushedUndergo traditional fermentation
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Name: Outline the processes used in making a red Rioja designed fo

Front: How may some Rioja producers produce heavily extracted wines? What will the result be?
Back: Vigorous cap-management techniquesExtended periods of macerationDeep colour and full of fruit flavours
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Name: How may some Rioja producers produce heavily extracted wines

Front: What style of Rioja are many makers now producing?
Back: More subtle, elegant styles

Front: What is the traditional role of oak in Rioja?
Back: Wines were aged in American oak, giving pronounced aromas of vanilla

Front: What is the emerging role of oak in Rioja? What is the result on wine?
Back: Many producers now use oak from France or other European countries for at least some of their wineMore subtle, spicy aromas
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Name: What is the emerging role of oak in Rioja? What is the resul

Front: How many varieties are permitted for use in white Rioja?
Back: Eight

Front: What is the most widely planted white variety in Rioja?
Back: Viura

Front: Describe traditional white Rioja-making and wines
Back: Aged for extended periods in American oakDeveloped a deep golden colour and nutty flavoursDeliberately oxidised

Front: Describe how modern white Riojas are made and the reasoning
Back: Made with minimal oxygen contact to preserve the maximum amount of fruit

Front: What is the 'in between' style of white Rioja now being produced by some Bodegas?
Back: Some are being barrel-fermented but in a less oxidative style than traditional white Riojas
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Name: What is the in between style of white Rioja now being prod

Front: Where in Spain is Navarra DO?
Back: From the northern and eastern borders of Rioja into the foothills of the Pyrenees

Front: What is the climate of Navarra?
Back: Similar to that of Rioja, but cooler and wetter nearer the mountains

Front: What is the most widely planted variety of Navarra?
Back: Tempranillo

Front: What kind of wine does Navarra production focus on?
Back: Red wine

Front: How is Tempranillo typically blended in Navarra?
Back: With other Rioja grapes, or increasingly with Cabernet or Merlot

Front: What is the range of red wine styles in Navarra?
Back: From good value Joven wines to top quality, premium Gran Reservas

Front: Describe winemaking for Garnacha-based rosés in Navarra
Back: Garnacha is picked earlier when acid levels are higher and sugar levels are lowerThey are handled protectively to create refreshing, fruity wines with medium levels of alcohol

Front: What is the role of white wine in Navarra?
Back: It only accounts for a very small proportion of the total output of the region

Front: What do Navarra's whites tend to be made from?
Back: Viura, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc
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Name: What do Navarras whites tend to be made from?

Front: What are the neighbouring DOs to the south of the Ebro?
Back: Cariñena and Catalyud

Front: What are the climates of Cariñena and Catalyud?
Back: Warm continentalLow rainfall

Front: What are the main varieties in Cariñena and Catalyud?
Back: Garnacha in both

Front: Describe the inexpensive wines of Cariñena and Catalyud
Back: Fruity and early-drinking

Front: Describe the higher quality wines of Cariñena and Catalyud
Back: Made from old-vine Garnacha and CariñenaGreat flavour intensity and structure

Front: T or F: Cariñena is the most planted variety in Cariñena
Back: False

Front: Where is Catalunya?
Back: In the north-east corner of Spain

Front: Where are the vast majority of vineyards in Catalunya?
Back: In an area to the south-west of Barcelona, on the coastal plain and hills

Front: What is different about Catalunya as an administrative region when relating to wine?
Back: It is the only administrative region of Spain that has a generic DO for still wines that covers the entire region
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Name: What is different about Catalunya as an administrative regio

Front: Why did Catalunya's generic DO come into existence?
Back: Largely to enable the blending of wines from the various areas to provide the opportunity to create significant volumes of branded wine
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Name: Why did Catalunyas generic DO come into existence?

Front: Where in Spain is nearly all Cava made?
Back: In Catalunya

Front: Where is Penedès?
Back: Immediately to the south-west of BarcelonaFrom the Mediterranean coast up into the hills

Front: How many distinct climatic zones are there in Penedès?
Back: Three

Front: What are the three climatic zones of Penedès?
Back: The hot coastal plain - the climate here is MediterraneanThe valleys inland - the climate is still warm, but slightly coolerFurther into the hills where vines are grown up to 800m asl - the climate is moderate

Front: Why is there such a wide variety of styles and grapes in Penedès?
Back: As a result of the three different climatic zones
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Name: Why is there such a wide variety of styles and grapes in Pen

Front: What are the most widely planted varieties of Penedès?
Back: Those used for Cava

Front: Besides Cava varieties, what are other significant plantings in Penedès?
Back: International varieties, such as Chardonnay, Gewurztraminer and Sauvignon BlancAlso Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Pinot Noir
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Name: Besides Cava varieties, what are other significant plantings

Front: What is Tempranillo called in Penedès?
Back: Ull de Llebre

Front: Where are the vineyards of Priorat?
Back: In Catalunya, within the hills inland from the city of Tarragona

Front: Describe the climate of Priorat
Back: Summers are long, hot and dryAnnual rainfall is very low

Front: For which grapes is the climate of Priorat ideal?
Back: Garnacha and Cariñena

Front: Describe the Cariñena and Garnacha vines of Priorat
Back: They are mostly old vines

Front: What are the best soils of Priorat called? Describe them
Back: LlicorellaLayers of red slate with small particles of mica that sparkle in the sun

Front: Why are Llicorella soils considered as 'good soils'?
Back: They help ripening by reflecting and conserving heatBecause of their depth, they are able to retain sufficient water throughout the growing seasonThey are cool at night
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Name: Why are Llicorella soils considered as good soils?

Front: Describe the role of mechanisation in Priorat
Back: Bush vines and steep slopes mean that mechanisation is nearly impossible in Priorat

Front: What are the impracticalities of winemaking in Priorat?
Back: The virtual impossibility of mechanisation makes vineyards here expensive and time-consuming to manage

Front: What is grape yield like in Priorat? Explain...
Back: LowContributed to by low nutrient soils and old vines

Front: What is the result on Priorat's wines of its low-yielding vines?
Back: High complexity and intensity
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Name: What is the result on Priorats wines of its low-yielding vi

Front: What is the average price of Priorat's wines? List reasons why
Back: HighMechanisation is impossible; vineyards are expensive and time-consuming to manageYields are low
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Name: What is the average price of Priorats wines? List reasons w

Front: Describe wines of Priorat
Back: High tanninsDeeply colouredMedium to high alcoholConcentrated black fruit with toasty aromas from new French oak

Front: What varieties can be added to wines of Priorat (besides Garnacha and Cariñena)
Back: Some international varieties, especially Cabernet Sauvignon
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Name: What varieties can be added to wines of Priorat (besides Gar

Front: Can white and rosé wines be made in Priorat?
Back: Yes, though they are rarely seen

Front: Where is the Duero Valley?
Back: It starts in the mountains south of Rioja and flows through Spain into Portugal

Front: What is the Portuguese name for the River Duero?
Back: The Douro

Front: What is the climate of Ribera del Duero?
Back: Short, hot and dry summers and very cold wintersCut off from any maritime influence by a ring of mountains

Front: Describe the vineyards of Ribera del Duero
Back: They are situated on the highest part of the Meseta CentralSome vineyards are at over 850 metresDue to altitude, night-time temperatures are cool

Front: What is the effect of cool night-time temperatures in Ribera?
Back: Acidity and fresh fruit flavours are retained in the grapes
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Name: What is the effect of cool night-time temperatures in Ribera

Front: What colours of wine are made in Ribera?
Back: Red and rosé only

Front: What style is the vast majority of wine in Ribera?
Back: Red

Front: What is the dominant grape variety of Ribera?
Back: Tempranillo

Front: What is the varietal make-up of Ribera del Duero's best wines?
Back: Usually just Tempranillo
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Name: What is the varietal make-up of Ribera del Dueros best wine

Front: Describe a typical red wine from Ribera del Duero
Back: Dark with high levels of tannins

Front: Which international grapes are permitted in Ribera?
Back: Cabernet, Merlot and Malbec

Front: Which grape of Ribera is permitted and often used for dry rosé production?
Back: Garnacha
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Name: Which grape of Ribera is permitted and often used for dry ro

Front: What aspects of grapes are modern winemakers in Ribera trying to accentuate? How are they doing this?
Back: Concentrated fruit flavours and tanninsLong macerations and short ageing periods in new oak
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Name: What aspects of grapes are modern winemakers in Ribera tryin

Front: Describe oak barrels in Ribera
Back: Typically new French oak rather than American

Front: Describe the climate of Toro DO
Back: Similar to that of its neighbour, Ribera del Duero

Front: What are the wines of Toro DO predominantly made from?
Back: Tempranillo

Front: Describe the typical red wines of Toro DO
Back: Full-bodiedIntense fruit flavoursHigh alcohol

Front: What causes the full body and high alcohol in Toro DO?
Back: High daytime temperatures, sunny conditions and often low-yielding bush vines

Front: What is different about the Joven wines of Toro DO compared with its other wines?
Back: There is often a proportion of Garnacha
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Name: What is different about the Joven wines of Toro DO compared

Front: Describe Reservas and Gran Reservas of Toro
Back: Exceptionally deeply coloured and tannic when youngAbility to age well

Front: What wines other than reds can be made in Toro?
Back: Rosé and white wines in small quantities

Front: Where in Spain is Rueda?
Back: In-between Toro and Ribera del Duero

Front: How does Rueda differ from its neighbours?
Back: It focuses on white wine production

Front: Outline the climate of Rueda
Back: ContinentalCool summer nights

Front: What is Rueda's traditional grape variety?
Back: Verdejo
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Name: What is Ruedas traditional grape variety?

Front: What is the second important grape variety in Rueda?
Back: Sauvignon Blanc

Front: How may wines be labelled in Rueda?
Back: For SB and Verdejo, they may be made and labelled as single varietal wines

Front: What is the law for blended wines in Rueda?
Back: At least 50% of the blend must be Verdejo

Front: Describe the range of styles made in Rueda
Back: From simple and fruity to richer, barrel-fermented versions

Front: Which area of Spain is cooler and wetter than the rest? Why?
Back: The north-westDue to the influence of the Atlantic ocean

Front: What is north-west Spain best known for?
Back: Many of Spain's best white wines

Front: What is the most celebrated of Spain's white wines?
Back: Albariño from Rías Baixas
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Name: What is the most celebrated of Spains white wines?

Front: Where in Spain is Rías Baixas?
Back: On Spain's Atlantic coast

Front: What is the climate of Rías Baixas?
Back: Moderate and damp

Front: What is the problem for Rías Baixas associated with the damp conditions?
Back: Vine diseases such as mildew and rot are a common problem
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Name: What is the problem for Rías Baixas associated with the damp

Front: How is the problem of vine diseases and mildew combated in Rías Baixas?
Back: By training vines onto pergolas to encourage air circulationSome producers use other training and trellising systems which are easier to maintain
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Name: How is the problem of vine diseases and mildew combated in R

Front: Describe the winemaking choice/style for most Rías Baixas Albariño
Back: Made into a refreshing unoaked style to take advantage of the grape's naturally high acidity and ripe stone fruit flavours
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Name: Describe the winemaking choice/style for most Rías Baixas Al

Front: What other style may Albariño be made into in Rías Baixas?
Back: A richer style, occasionally with a touch of oak or lees-stirring

Front: Can red wine be made in Rías Baixas?
Back: Yes, but it is a minority concern

Front: What is the predominant colour of wine from Bierzo?
Back: Red

Front: Where in Spain is Bierzo?
Back: North-west Spain, in the mountains that mark the boundary between Galicia and the Meseta Central

Front: What is the climate of Bierzo?
Back: Moderate with a cooling maritime influence

Front: What is the key grape variety of Bierzo?
Back: Mencía

Front: Describe the dominant wine style of Bierzo
Back: Elegant red winesNaturally high acidityRed fruit aromas

Front: Where do many of Bierzo's best wines come from?
Back: Old vines, grown on the region's steep stony slopes
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Name: Where do many of Bierzos best wines come from?

Front: What is the other, less popular winemaking choice in Bierzo? What is the thinking?
Back: Unoaked wines to retain the perfumed red fruit of Mencía
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Name: What is the other, less popular winemaking choice in Bierzo?

Front: What is the intention of Bierzo winemakers using oak?
Back: To add toasty aromas

Front: Where in Spain is the Levante?
Back: On the Mediterranean coast south of Catalunya

Front: Why is the Levante significant within the Spanish wine industry?
Back: The port of Valencia is the distribution hub for wines from the Levante and La Mancha
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Name: Why is the Levante significant within the Spanish wine indus

Front: Describe Valencia DO
Back: It is a large spread-out DO that is a source for value-for-money wines

Front: Which grapes are planted in Valencia
Back: A large number of local and international varieties

Front: What is the most planted red grape of Valencia?
Back: Monastrell

Front: Which grape variety dominates white plantings in Valencia?
Back: Merseguera

Front: What is the second most planted wide variety of Valencia?
Back: Muscat of Alexandria

Front: What is the role of Muscat of Alexandria in Valencia?
Back: It is used to produce the local Moscatel de Valencia, a sweet fortified wine

Front: Where in Spain are Jumilla and Yecla?
Back: In the Levante, further inland

Front: What are the climates of Jumilla and Yecla?
Back: Hot and arid

Front: What is the dominant local variety of Jumilla and Yecla?
Back: Monastrell

Front: Describes the majority of wines in Jumilla and Yecla
Back: Youthful and fruity in style

Front: From which region does almost half of Spain's total wine production originate?
Back: Castilla-La Mancha
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Name: From which region does almost half of Spains total wine pro

Front: Where is Castilla-La Mancha?
Back: A vast central area of the Meseta Central to the south of Madrid

Front: What is the largest DO in Spain?
Back: La Mancha

Front: What is the most widely planted grape variety of La Mancha?
Back: Airén

Front: What wines are produced from the grape Airén?
Back: Neutral, fresh white wines

Front: Which grape variety is in decline in La Mancha? Why?
Back: AirénAuthorities have encouraged producers to plant Tempranillo

Front: What is Tempranillo locally known as in La Mancha?
Back: Cencibel

Front: Name other grape varieties in La Mancha
Back: Cabernet SauvignonMerlotSyrahChardonnaySauvignon Blanc

Front: What role does La Mancha now have in Spain? Why/how?
Back: It's an excellent source of inexpensive, well-made reds and whites for the export marketSignificant investment in technology and expertise

Front: ...was where the trend for top-quality pagos wines began
Back: La Mancha

Front: La Mancha is still the home of the majority of the estates that have been awarded the appellation...
Back: Vinos de Pago
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Name: La Mancha is still the home of the majority of the estates t

Front: Which DO lies immediately to the south of La Mancha?
Back: Valdepeñas

Front: How does the reputation of Valdepeñas compare with that of its neighbour La Mancha?
Back: It has a better reputation for quality
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Name: How does the reputation of Valdepeñas compare with that of i

Front: What is the climate of Valdepeñas?
Back: Identical to that of La Mancha

Front: What is the most widely planted grape in Valdepeñas?
Back: Airén

Front: What is the main variety for red wines of Valdepeñas?
Back: Cencibel (Tempranillo)

Front: How may red wines be made in Valdepeñas?
Back: Either as varietal wines or blended with international varieties

Front: What is the style range for wines from Valdepeñas?
Back: They range from fruity to more concentrated and oak matured

Front: Besides offering a hierarchy of PGI and PDO wines, what else can Spanish wine law define?
Back: Specific ageing criteria for red and white wines
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Name: Besides offering a hierarchy of PGI and PDO wines, what else

Front: How are wines labelled if they fall outside of Spanish PGI/PDO law?
Back: Vino
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Name: How are wines labelled if they fall outside of Spanish PGI/P

Front: What is the Spanish for PDO?
Back: Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP)

Front: What are the three Spanish PDO qualities in ascending order?
Back: Denominación de Origen (DO)Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa)Vinos de Pago (VP)

Front: Loosely, how must a wine achieve DO status in Spain?
Back: They should be of a certain minimum qualityThey must satisfy specifications covering grape varieties, viticulture and location

Front: What must a Spanish DO do/achieve to be awarded DOCa status?
Back: Must've been a DO for at least ten years

Front: How many DOCa are there in Spain? What are they?
Back: TwoPrioratRioja

Front: What is DOCa called in Priorat?
Back: Denominació d'Origen Qualificada (DOQ)

Front: What is Vinos de Pago?
Back: A category applying to only a small number of single estates in Spain with high reputationsEstates may only use their own grapes, which must be grown, vinified and matured on their estate

Front: What is the traditional Spanish term for PGI wines?
Back: Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)

Front: What are the four age categories for wines in Spain?
Back: JovenCrianzaReservaGran Reserva

Front: What wines may become Gran Reserva (besides the actual ageing requirements)?
Back: Only wines from exceptional vintagesWhite and rosé wines are rarely made in this style
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Name: What wines may become Gran Reserva (besides the actual agein

Front: What are the ageing requirements for Joven wines (white and red) in Spain?
Back: No ageing required at all
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for Joven wines (white and

Front: What are the ageing requirements for red Crianza wines in Spain?
Back: 24 months in total6 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for red Crianza wines in Sp

Front: What are the ageing requirements for red Reserva wines in Spain?
Back: 36 months in total12 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for red Reserva wines in Sp

Front: What are the ageing requirements for red Gran Reserva wines in Spain?
Back: 60 months in total18 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for red Gran Reserva wines

Front: What are the ageing requirements for white Gran Reserva wines in Spain?
Back: 48 months in total6 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for white Gran Reserva wine

Front: What are the ageing requirements for white Reserva wines in Spain?
Back: 24 months in total6 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for white Reserva wines in

Front: What are the ageing requirements for white Crianza wines in Spain?
Back: 18 months in total6 months in barrel
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Name: What are the ageing requirements for white Crianza wines in

Front: When in Spain are there exceptions to the general ageing requirements?
Back: In some regions such as Rioja, there are even longer requirements for total ageing and barrel ageing
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Name: When in Spain are there exceptions to the general ageing req